Sound Waves

•    Sound is a mechanical wave that results from the back and forth vibration of the particles of the medium through which the sound wave is moving.
•    If a sound wave is moving from left to right through air, then particles of air will be displaced both rightward and leftward as the energy of the sound wave passes through it.
•    The motion of the particles is parallel (and anti-parallel) to the direction of the energy transport. This is what characterizes sound waves in air as longitudinal waves.
•    The mechanical vibrations which can be said as sound are able to travel through all forms of matter i.e. solids, liquids and gases. The matter which allows the sound to travel through it is called the medium.
•    Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

Wave

Wave- A wave can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location without the transport of matter.

Types of Waves
Waves can be said of two types – 1. Mechanical Wave and 2. Non – Mechanical Wave

Simple Harmonic Motion

Periodic Motion: Any motion which repeats itself at regular intervals of time is called Periodic Motion or Harmonic Motion. Some of the examples of periodic motion are a rocking chair, a bouncing ball, a vibrating tuning fork, a swing in motion, the Earth in its orbit around the Sun, and a water wave.

•    The interval of time for a repetition, or cycle, of the motion is called a period.
•    The number of periods per unit time is called the frequency.

Thus, the period of the Earth’s orbit is one year, and its frequency is one orbit per year. A tuning fork might have a frequency of 1,000 cycles per second and a period of 1 millisecond (1 thousandth of a second).

Elasticity

Elasticity – The elasticity is the ability of a solid to return to its original shape or form after being subject to strain. Most solid materials display elasticity, up to a load point called the elastic limit; loads higher than this limit cause permanent deformation of the material.

Elastic Limit- The elastic limit is the maximum value of deforming force upto which a material displays elastic properties and above which a material losses its elastic properties.

Viscosity

Viscous Forces- These are forces which has tendency to oppose relative motion between different layers of liquid or gases.

Viscosity – Viscosity is the characteristic of a liquid due to which it opposes the relative motion between its various layers.

•    Viscosity is applicable to both liquid and gases.
•    The viscosity of a liquid is because of cohesive forces between layers.
•    Viscosity is liquid is less than viscosity of gases.
•    Solid has no viscosity.

Surface Tension

Cohesive Forces- Cohesive forces are the intermolecular forces, for example; hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces which cause a tendency in liquids to resist separation. These forces which are attractive forces exist between molecules of the same material. For example, rain falls as droplets, and not as fine mist, since water has strong cohesion hence its molecules pulls tightly together and droplets are formed. The cohesive force tends to bring closer molecules of a liquid, by making them comparatively large clusters which owes to molecules' dislike for its surrounding.

Floatation

Archimedes' Principle

•    The Archimedes' Principle is named after Archimedes of Syracuse
•    He discovered the law in 212 B.C.
•    The Archimedes' Principle states that any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Mathematically, the Archimedes' principle can be stated as Buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid.