1963 Limited Test Ban TreatyAn agreement between the US, USSR, and UK which prevented nuclear testing above ground, underwater, and in outer space. But it does allow testing to occur underground as long as the radioactive fallout is not widespread. A total of 116 countries have signed this, and China, who had not signed, did testing in 1992 that violated the treaty's guidelines.
Tuesday, December 5, 2017
Chronological Developments in Nuclear Physics
1890s
1895
November 8 - Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-Rays
1897
Becquerel and Marie Curie discover radioactivity
1895 - 1899
Ernest Rutherford discovers alpha and beta radiation
1898
Marie and Pierre Curie isolated the two new chemical elements polonium and radium
1895
November 8 - Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-Rays
1897
Becquerel and Marie Curie discover radioactivity
1895 - 1899
Ernest Rutherford discovers alpha and beta radiation
1898
Marie and Pierre Curie isolated the two new chemical elements polonium and radium
Atomic and Nuclear Physics
Atoms -
Atoms are the smallest unit of an element that chemically behaves the same way
the element does. When two chemicals react with each other, the reaction takes
place between individual atoms at the atomic level.
Atomic Structure
- In the early 20th century, a New Zealand scientist working in England, Ernest Rutherford, and a Danish scientist, Niels Bohr, developed a way of thinking about the structure of an atom that described an atom as looking very much like our solar system.
- An atom is composed of three basic particles – electrons, protons and neutrons.
- Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons.
- Electrons revolve in atomic orbit.
Magnetism
Magnetism - Magnetism is a force of attraction or replusion
that acts at a distance. It is due to a magnetic field, which is caused by
moving electrically charged particles or is inherent in magnetic objects such
as a magnet.
Magnetism - A magnet is an object that exhibits a strong
magnetic field and will attract materials like iron to it. Magnets have two
poles, called the north (N) and south (S) poles. Two magnets will be attacted
by their opposite poles, and each will repel the like pole of the other magnet.
Magnetism has many uses in modern life.
Current Electricity
Electric Current - The Electric current is a flow of electric charge through a conductive medium.
In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.
The SI unit for measuring the rate of flow of electric charge is the ampere, which is charge flowing through some surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current is measured using an ammeter.
In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.
The SI unit for measuring the rate of flow of electric charge is the ampere, which is charge flowing through some surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current is measured using an ammeter.
Static Electricity
Static electricity is an excess of electric charge trapped on the surface of an object. The charge remains until it is allowed to escape to an object with a weaker or opposite electrical charge, such as the ground, by means of an electric current or electrical discharge. Static electricity is named in contrast with current electricity, which flows through wires or other conductors and transmits energy.
Light
Light is a type of energy which propagates as electromagnetic waves. In the spectrum of electromagnetic waves, light has place between ultraviolet and infrared region.
Some Facts About Light
• Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, therefore, light is also transverse wave.
• Wave nature of light explains; rectilinear propagation of light, reflection of light, refraction of light, interference of light, diffraction of light and polarization of light.
• The happenings in physics like Photoelectric Effect and Compton Effect can not be explained on the basis of wave nature of light. These phenomenons are explained on the basis of quantum theory of light, explained by Albert Einstein.
• The quantum theory of light, considers light as a packet or bundle of energy, these energy packets are called photons. Photon associates with it as Energy E; where E = hv
• Light has dual nature and behaves as a particle as well as wave.
• Speed of Light was first calculated by Roemer in 1678 AD.
• Speed of light is maximum in vacuum, which is equivalent to 3x108 m/s.
Some Facts About Light
• Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, therefore, light is also transverse wave.
• Wave nature of light explains; rectilinear propagation of light, reflection of light, refraction of light, interference of light, diffraction of light and polarization of light.
• The happenings in physics like Photoelectric Effect and Compton Effect can not be explained on the basis of wave nature of light. These phenomenons are explained on the basis of quantum theory of light, explained by Albert Einstein.
• The quantum theory of light, considers light as a packet or bundle of energy, these energy packets are called photons. Photon associates with it as Energy E; where E = hv
• Light has dual nature and behaves as a particle as well as wave.
• Speed of Light was first calculated by Roemer in 1678 AD.
• Speed of light is maximum in vacuum, which is equivalent to 3x108 m/s.
Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic processes:
The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.
Mathematically, ΔU (Change in Internal Energy) = Q (Heat added to or drawn from the system) – W (Work done by the system)
Heat
Heat may be defined as energy in transit from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object.
• Heat is also defined as the transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or object to another, or from an energy source to a medium or object.
• The heat transfer can occur in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection.
• The standard unit of heat in the International System of Units (SI) is the calorie (cal).
• One calorie is defined as the amount of energy transfer required to raise the temperature of one gram of pure liquid water by one degree Celsius, provided the water temperature is higher than the freezing point and lower than the boiling point.
• Sometimes the kilocalorie (kcal) is specified as a unit of heat; 1 kcal = 1000 cal. This is the also called diet calorie.
• The amount of heat contained in a body depends upon the mass of the body.
• If W is work performed and Heat produced is H, then W/H = J or W = JH, where J is a constant called mechanical equivalent of heat. The value of J is 4.186 Joule / Calorie. This means if 4.186 Joule of work is done, 1 Calorie of heat is consumed.
Some Characteristics of Heat and Mathematical Equivalent
• Heat is also defined as the transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or object to another, or from an energy source to a medium or object.
• The heat transfer can occur in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection.
• The standard unit of heat in the International System of Units (SI) is the calorie (cal).
• One calorie is defined as the amount of energy transfer required to raise the temperature of one gram of pure liquid water by one degree Celsius, provided the water temperature is higher than the freezing point and lower than the boiling point.
• Sometimes the kilocalorie (kcal) is specified as a unit of heat; 1 kcal = 1000 cal. This is the also called diet calorie.
• The amount of heat contained in a body depends upon the mass of the body.
• If W is work performed and Heat produced is H, then W/H = J or W = JH, where J is a constant called mechanical equivalent of heat. The value of J is 4.186 Joule / Calorie. This means if 4.186 Joule of work is done, 1 Calorie of heat is consumed.
Sound Waves
• Sound is a mechanical wave that results from the back and forth vibration of the particles of the medium through which the sound wave is moving.
• If a sound wave is moving from left to right through air, then particles of air will be displaced both rightward and leftward as the energy of the sound wave passes through it.
• The motion of the particles is parallel (and anti-parallel) to the direction of the energy transport. This is what characterizes sound waves in air as longitudinal waves.
• The mechanical vibrations which can be said as sound are able to travel through all forms of matter i.e. solids, liquids and gases. The matter which allows the sound to travel through it is called the medium.
• Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
• If a sound wave is moving from left to right through air, then particles of air will be displaced both rightward and leftward as the energy of the sound wave passes through it.
• The motion of the particles is parallel (and anti-parallel) to the direction of the energy transport. This is what characterizes sound waves in air as longitudinal waves.
• The mechanical vibrations which can be said as sound are able to travel through all forms of matter i.e. solids, liquids and gases. The matter which allows the sound to travel through it is called the medium.
• Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
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