Fundamental Duties

By the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution, adopted in 1976, Fundamental Duties of the citizens have also been enumerated. Article 51 ‘A’ contained in Part IV A of the Constitution deals with Fundamental Duties. These enjoinupon a citizen among other things, to abide by the Constitution, to cherish and follow noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom, to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so and to promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood amongst all people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities.
The Most Important Ten Fundamental Duties of Citizens in accordance with the constitution of India are listed below-

• Respect the Constitution, the national flag and the national anthem;
• Cherish the noble ideals of the freedom struggle;
• Uphold and project the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;

Directive Principles of State Policy

The constitution laid down certain guidelines in the Constitution to be followed by the governments while administering the state. These guidelines are contained in Section IV of the Constitution and are known as the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Fundamental Rights

The Fundamental Rights in Indian constitution acts as a guarantee that all Indian citizens can and will live their lifes in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. They include individual rigts common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freddom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil right.

Citizenship

The Indian Constitution, which came into force on 26th January 1950 provides for single citizenship for the entire country. Matters concerning Indian citizenship are contained in Articles 5 to 11 in Part II of the constitution of India.

New States in India after 1950

Andhra Pradesh - Created by the State of Andhra Pradesh Act 1953 by carving our some areas from the State of Chennai.

Gujarat and Maharashtra - The State of Bombay was divided into two States i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Mumbai (Reorganisation) Act 1960.

The Union and Its Territories

• Article 1 of the Constitution describes India as a Union of States.
• The expression ‘Union of India’ should be distinguished from the expression ‘ Territory of India’.
• The ‘Union’ includes only the states which enjoy the status of being members of the federal system and share a distribution of power with the Union , the term ‘territory of India’ includes the entire territory over which the sovereignty of India, for the time being extends. viz. (1) Union Territories and (2) such other territories as may be acquired by  India.

The Preamble of the Constitution of India

The Preamble of the Constitution of India read as follows-

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a [SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citizens:

The Federal and Unitary Features of Indian Constitution

Federal Features of Indian Constitution

Supremacy of the Constitution: The constitution is supreme. Both, the Union and the State Governments, shall work within the limits set by the Constitution and both the union government and the central government derive their powers from the constitution.

Written Constitution: The Constitution of India is a written constitution; it is the most elaborate Constitution of the world.

The Key Features of Indian Constitution

The long experience of authoritarian rule under the colonial state convinced Indians that free India should be a democracy in which everyone should be treated equally and be allowed to participate in government. Here are provided the key features of the Indian Constitution.

Some Important Amendments of the Constitution of India

The 1st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951
In June 1951, the 1st Constitutional Amendment Act was passed, and the following Amendment in the Constitution were added: (i) To Article 15, a new clause (4) was added: (ii) changes were made in clauses (2) and (6) of Article 19; (iii) After Article 31, Article 31A and 31B were added; (iv) For Original Article 85, a new Article was substituted; (v) In Article 87, clauses (1) and (2) were restructured; (vi) For the Original Article 174, a new Article was substituted; (vii) In Article 176, clauses (1) and (2) were restructured: (viii) Clause (1) of Article 341 was restructured; and similarly, clause (1) of Article 342, sub-clause (a) of Article 342, sub clause (a) of clause (3) of Article 372, and clause (1) of Article 376 were also restructured; (ix) After the Eight Schedule to the Constitution a Ninth Schedule was added and thirteen laws passed by the State Legislatures were included in it so that those Acts might not be challenged in courts.

Download ESE Prelims 2018 E-Admit Card

Engineering Services Examination (ESE) 2018 Preliminary is scheduled on January 7, 2018. The Union Public Services (UPSC) New Delhi administers this examination for the selection of candidates to apply for UPSC ESE Main Examination 2018. The candidates who has applied for this test can download ESE Prelims 2018 admit card from Official Website and take the print of the same. In case if photograph of a candidate is not visible or improper, he / she must carry two identical photograph to the examination centre and printout of eadmit card together with a proof of identity like Aadhar Card, Passport, Driving License, etc.
In case of any other errors in admit card candidates are advised to communicate through email to usengg-upsc@nic.in on or before 29th December 2017.

Download E-Admit Card Engineering Services Preliminary Examination 2018

Engineering Services Exam Question Papers, Answers and Solutions

Engineering Services Exam is administered by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) New Delhi in Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering for recruitment of Engineers in different government offices. The minimum qualification to appear for this test is a Graduate Degree in Engineering. Here provided  Question Papers, Answers and Solutions to help in preparation for upcoming Engineering Services Examination.

Engineering Services Examination 2015 Question Papers
Engineering Services Examination 2014 Question Papers
Engineering Services Examination 2013 Question Papers
Engineering Services Examination 2012 Question Papers

Engineering Services Exam 2011 Question Paper

IES 2011 Question Paper GAT

KEY1

IES 2011 Objective Question Paper E&T_PAPER_I

IES 2011 Objective Question Paper ELECT_PAPER_I

IES 2011 Objective Question Paper MECH_PAPER_II

IES 2011 Objective Question Paper CIVIL_PAPER_I

IES 2011 Objective Question Paper CIVIL_PAPER_II

IES 2011 Objective Question Paper E&T_PAPER_II

IES 2011 Objective Question Paper ELECT_PAPER_II

IES 2011 Objective Question Paper MECH_PAPER_I

IES 2011 Question Paper CIVIL_PAPER_I_CONV

IES 2011 Question Paper CIVIL_pAPER_II_CONV

IES 2011 Question Paper E&T_PAPER_I_CONV

IES 2011 Question Paper E&T_PAPER_II_CONV

IES 2011 Question Paper ELECT_PAPER_I_CONV

IES 2011 Question Paper ELECT_PAPER_II_CONV

IES 2011 Question Paper MECH_PAPER_I_CONV

IES 2011 Question Paper MECH_PAPER_II_CONV

Engineering Services Exam Question Paper 2010

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Conventional CIVIL_PAPER_I_CONV

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Conventional CIVIL_PAPER_II_CONV

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Conventional ELECTRICAL_PAPER_I_CONV

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Conventional ELECTRICAL_PAPER_II_CONV

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Conventional Electronics & Telecommunication_PAPER_II_CONV

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Conventional MECHANICAL_PAPER_I_CONV

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Conventional MECHANICAL_PAPER_II_CONV

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Objective CIVIL_PAPER_I_NEW

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Objective CIVIL_PAPER_II

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Objective Electrical_Paper_I

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Objective ELECTRICAL_PAPER_II

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Objective Electronics & Telecommunication PAPER_II

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Objective Electronics & Telecommunication_PAPER_I

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Objective Mechanical_Paper_I

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Objective MECHANICAL_PAPER_II

Engineering Services Exam 2010 Question Paper General Ability

Engineering Services Exam Conventional Electronics & Telecommunication_PAPER_I_CONV

IES-2010-Solution

Engineering Services Exam Question Papers 2009

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Conventional _CIVIL_I

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Conventional CIVIL_II

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Conventional Electronics & Telecommunication II

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Conventional Electronics & Telecommunication_I

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Conventional Paper ELECT_I

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Conventional_ELECT_II

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Conventional_MECH_II

Engineering Services Exam 2009 GAT

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Objective CIVIL_II

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Objective Electronics & Telecommunication_I

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Objective_CIVIL_I

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Objective_ELECT_I

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Objective_MECH_I

Engineering Services Exam 2009 Objective_MECH_II

Engineering Services Exam Conventional MECH_I

Engineering Services Exam Objective ELECT_II

Engineering Services Exam Objective Electronics & Telecommunication II

Engineering Services (Main) Examination, 2018

Engineering Services (Main) Examination, 2018 administered by Union Public Service Commission UPSC New Delhi for recruitment of graduate engineers with various government departments. Only those candidates shall be eligible to write the test who qualify in the Engineering Services (Prelims) Examination, 2018. Application procedure is completely online. The test is scheduled on 1.7.2018.

Rejected applications CDS I 2018 due to non payment

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) New Delhi released list of rejected application for Combined Defence Services (CDS) Examination I 2018. All the applicants who has paid the application fee through Cash but confirmation not received by the UPSC from bank can submit the receipt of fees paid to commission's office. Candidates who has paid fees through Credit Card / Debit Card or Net Bank but application is rejected need to submit card statement or bank statement. Candidates can make appeal against rejection with proof of fees paid to

Download e-Admit Card Engineering Services Preliminary Examination 2018

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has released e-Admit Card for Engineering Services Examination 2018. Applicants can download the same from UPSC website starting 11 December 2017 through 7 January 2018.

Download link e-Admit Card Engineering Services Examination 2018

Reserve List: Civil Services Main Examination 2016

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) New Delhi declared Civil Services Main Examination 2016 Result on 31 May 2017. The commission recommended 1099 candidates in order of merit appointment to IAS, IFS, IPS and Central Services Group ‘A’ and Group ‘B’ against 1209 vacancies. Today, December 8, 2017, the UPSC has released Reserve List: Civil Services Main Examination 2016. To view the complete list click here

Glossary – Environmental Science

Abundance – This refers to the number or amount of something found in the environment, generally in plenty.

Acid precipitation- This refers to the acidic rain, snow, or dry particles set down from the air owing to increased acids released by anthropogenic or natural resources.

Acids- This refers to the substances that liberate hydrogen ions (protons) in water.

Some Environmental Facts

The biggest energy source on the surface of the earth is	Solar radiation
The acid found in soil is	Humic acid
Burning of fossil fuels releases	Carbon-di-oxide
The place referred to as the Valley of Death is	Cubatao in Brazil

Energy

The energy is the ability to do work. In India 70% population resides in rural areas; thus supplying energy to villages is vital to maintain pace in development. 21% of villages and nearly 50% rural households are yet not electrified.

The per capita consumption of energy was 4816 KWH in 2010-11, according to Central Statistics Office.

Disaster

Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, and destruction and devastation to life and property. The damage caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies with the geographical location, climate and the type of the earth surface/degree of vulnerability. This influences the mental, socio-economic, political and cultural state of the affected area.