List of Scientific Instruments and Uses

• Absorptiometer - Instrument for measuring solubility of gases in liquids
• Accelerometer - Instrument for measuring acceleration or vibrations
• Acetimeter - Instrument for measuring strength of vinegar
• Acidimeter - Instrument for measuring concentration of acids
• Actinograph - Instrument used to calculate time of photographic exposure

Units

Unit: A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention and/or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity. Any other value of the physical quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of measurement.

Chemistry Fun and Facts

• The only elements that are liquid at room temperature are bromine and mercury.
• Water expands as it freezes. An ice cube takes up about 9% more volume than the water used to make it.
• If you pour a handful of salt into a full glass of water, the water level will actually go down rather than overflowing the glass.

Non Metal

In modern periodic table there are 24 non metal elements. These are electronegative elements and bad conductor of heat and electricity. Here are some of the commonly occurring non metals and their properties-

Metallurgy

What is Metallurgy?

The process of extracting metals from ores is called metallurgy.

Ores - An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals. The ores are extracted through mining; these are then refined to extract the valuable elements.

Fuels

Fuel is a substance that can supply energy alone or upon reaction with some other substance. Fuel when provide energy also produced heat which is measured in Calories. An ideal fuel should posses the following properties –

Carbon and Its Compounds

Carbon is a non metal, its atomic number is 6 and mass number 12. It is placed in Group 14 or IV A of Periodic Table.

Allotropy- The substances which shows similar chemical characteristics but different physical characteristics are called allotropes and this property of material is called allotropy. Carbon has three allotropes – Charcoal, Graphite and Diamond

Electrolysis

Electrolytes- Electrolytes are the materials which allow electric current to pass through them when in molten state and goes for chemical decomposition. For example; acids, bases, and salts.

Behavior of Gases

Boyle’s Law: Boyle's lawstates that the absolute pressure and volume of a given mass of confined gas are inversely proportional, if the temperature remains unchanged within a closed system.

Mathematically, V ∝ 1/p; when temperature T is constant
Or V = K./p
Thus PV = K where K is constant
P1V1 = P1V1

Acids, Bases and Salts

Acid – An acid is a chemical material which exhibits following properties –

Sour in taste; when sprinkled on a blue litmus paper, turns it red; contains replaceable hydrogen; gives out hydrogen ion H+ in Aqueous Solution according to Arrhenius Theorem; can donate a proton According to Bronsted Lowry concept and can accept electrons according to Lewis Concept