Bacteria

•    Bacteria were discovered by Antony von Lecuwenhoek in 1829; he is regarded as Father of Bacteriology.
•    The Bacteriology is the scientific study of Bacteria.
•    The Robert Koch (1812-1892) discovered the bacteria of Tuberculosis disease.
•    The Louis Pasteur (1812-1892) discovered the vaccine of rabies and pasteurization of milk.

Virus

• The systematic study of Virus is called virology.
• A virus is both a living and non living, thus it’s a connecting link between living and non living.
• Viruses may infect all types of organisms; animals, plants, bacteria and archae.

Introduction to Botany

• The systematic study of plants and trees is called Botany.
• The ophrastus is called Father of Botany.

Sex Determination in Humans

The male sex chromosome in humans if XY; the female sex chromosome is XX. In the times of gamete buildup, in male of the sperms holds X chromosome while other half holds Y chromosome. In female all gametes contains only X chromosome. When a male gamete carrying X chromosome, fertilize and ova, the result zygote developed would be a female. And When a male gamete carrying Y chromosome, fertilize and ova, the result zygote developed would be a male.

Biology of Cell

•    Cell is main basic structural unit of all organisms, microscopic in nature, it contains cytoplasmic material and nuclear material in a semi permeable membrane, this membrane is called cell wall in case of plants.

•    Biological organisms may contain a single cell (unicellur) or multiple cell (multicellur).

•    Each cell in organisms works like a programmable chipset to function; it takes nutrients, converts nutrients into energy and performs specialized tasks necessary for life.

•    Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665.

•    First Cell Theory was developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.

Medical Inventions and Discoveries

Invention	Scientist	Year
Adhesive plaster-covered bandages	Paul Beiersdorf	1882
Anaesthetic	William Morton	1846
Anthrax (vaccine)	Louis Pasteur	1881
Antiseptic	Joseph Lister	1865
Artificial heart (implant, human)	Denton Cooley	1969