• Cell is main basic structural unit of all organisms, microscopic in nature, it contains cytoplasmic material and nuclear material in a semi permeable membrane, this membrane is called cell wall in case of plants.
• Biological organisms may contain a single cell (unicellur) or multiple cell (multicellur).
• Each cell in organisms works like a programmable chipset to function; it takes nutrients, converts nutrients into energy and performs specialized tasks necessary for life.
• Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665.
• First Cell Theory was developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
• The major examples of unicellular or single cell organisms are bacteria.
• The example of multicellular organisms is plants and animal.
• Humans contain about 10 trillion (1013) cells.
• Most plant and animal cells are between 1 and 100 µm in size and therefore are visible only under the microscope
• Cells are widely classified into two groups, the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cell. The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place.
• The nuclear material of prokaryotic cell consist of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with cytoplasm. The undefined nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called nucleoid.
Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, & algae are all Eukaryotic.
• The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.
• The function of cell membrane to let in desirable substances and disallow non desirable substances from entering inside a cell.
• The cell membrane is responsible to help support the cell and help maintain its shape. Animal cells, plant cells, prokaryotic cells, and fungal cells have cell membranes.
• Centrioles are cylinder like structures which are made of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern.
• The pattern is named 9+3 because a ring of nine microtubule "triplets" are arranged at right angles to one another.
• Chromosomes are long, stringy aggregates of genes responsible for holding heredity information.
• Chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins and found located within the nucleus of our cells.
• Chromosomes determine everything from hair color and eye color to sex.
• Whether you are a male or female depends on the presence or absence of certain chromosomes.
• Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes thus a total of 46.
• There are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes in humans.
• The sex chromosomes are the X chromosome and the Y chromosome.
• Cilia and flagella are protrusions from some cells that aid in cellular locomotion. They are formed from specialized groupings of microtubules called basal bodies.
• If the protrusions are short and numerous they are termed cilia. If they are longer and less numerous (usually only one or two) they are termed flagella.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and flattened sacs responsible for different cell functions.
• of functions in the cell.
• There are two regions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) that differ in both structure and function.
• One region is called rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) because it has ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.
• The other region is called smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) because it lacks attached ribosomes.
• Typically, the smooth ER is a tubule network and the rough ER is a series of flattened sacs.
• The space inside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is called the lumen.
• Mitochondria are known as power houses of cells.
• These are found in cytoplasm.
• These are responsible to convert energy into such forms which can be used by a cell. Mitochondria are also responsible for cell division, cell growth and cell death.
• Ribosomes are organelles which consist of RNA a protein. They are responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell. Depending on the protein production level of a particular cell, ribosomes may number in the millions.
The numbers of chromosomes in different plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms, given as the diploid number (2n) along with scientific names.
• The Nucleic Acid holds complex genetic information in coded manner.
• These are of two types- 1. DNA and 2. RNA
• Frederic Meischer isolated DNA from nucleus of pus cell.
• DNA is a macromolecule which holds larger numbers of Nucleotides.
• The Nucleotides contains three components: the nitrogen base, sugar and phosphate group.
• Nitrogen bases are of two types- Purines and Pyrimidines. Purines hold two nitrogen bases, Adinine and Guanine. However, Pyrimidine nitrogen bases Thymine and Cytosine. Thus there found four types of nucleotides present in DNA.
• Watson and Crick give the structural model of DNA
• Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.
• RNA is consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).
• RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and is generally further processed by other enzymes.
• RNA is central to protein synthesis in organisms.
• RNA has three types mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA).
• mRNA (messenger RNA)- carries messages from DNA present in nucleus to cytoplasm in coded manner.
• rRNA (ribosomal RNA)- found in ribosome responsible for synthesis of protein in the body.
• tRNA (transfer RNA)- responsible to transfer amino acid to ribosome.
• RNA consists of ribose sugar while DNA has deoxiribose.
• DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.
• DNA is stable in alkaline conditions while RNA is not.
• DNA performs long term storage and transfer of genetic information while RNA performs the function of a messenger between DNA and the protein system complexes known as ribosomes.
• Biological organisms may contain a single cell (unicellur) or multiple cell (multicellur).
• Each cell in organisms works like a programmable chipset to function; it takes nutrients, converts nutrients into energy and performs specialized tasks necessary for life.
• Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665.
• First Cell Theory was developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
• The major examples of unicellular or single cell organisms are bacteria.
• The example of multicellular organisms is plants and animal.
• Humans contain about 10 trillion (1013) cells.
• Most plant and animal cells are between 1 and 100 µm in size and therefore are visible only under the microscope
Classification of Cell
• Cells are widely classified into two groups, the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cell. The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place.
The prokaryote cell
• These are simple and smaller cell in which nucleus is absent. These two types of prokaryotic i.e bacteria and archaea; these shares similar structure.• The nuclear material of prokaryotic cell consist of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with cytoplasm. The undefined nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called nucleoid.
The Eukaryotic Cell
Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, & algae are all Eukaryotic.
Difference Between Prokaryoti Cell and Eukaryotic Cell On The Basis Of Cell Structure
Eukaryotic
and Prokaryotic Cell Structure
|
|||
|
Cell Structure
|
Prokaryotic Cell
|
Typical Animal Eukaryotic Cell
|
Cell Membrane
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
|
Cell Wall
|
Yes
|
No
|
|
Centrioles
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Chromosomes
|
One long DNA strand
|
Many
|
|
Cilia or Flagella
|
Yes, simple
|
Yes, complex
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
No
|
Yes (some exceptions)
|
|
Golgi Complex
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Lysosomes
|
No
|
Common
|
|
Mitochondria
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Nucleus
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Peroxisomes
|
No
|
Common
|
|
Ribosomes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Cell Membrane
• The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.
• The function of cell membrane to let in desirable substances and disallow non desirable substances from entering inside a cell.
• The cell membrane is responsible to help support the cell and help maintain its shape. Animal cells, plant cells, prokaryotic cells, and fungal cells have cell membranes.
Cell Wall
• The cell wall is rigid (up to many micrometers in thickness) and gives plant cells a much defined shape.
• Most cells have an outer membrane.
• The plant cell wall is many times rigid than animal cell wall.
• The cell wall is the reason for the difference between plant and animal cell functions.
• The rigid structure of the cell wall in plants is the reason that plants have no nervous systems, immune systems, and most importantly, no mobility.
• Most cells have an outer membrane.
• The plant cell wall is many times rigid than animal cell wall.
• The cell wall is the reason for the difference between plant and animal cell functions.
• The rigid structure of the cell wall in plants is the reason that plants have no nervous systems, immune systems, and most importantly, no mobility.
Centrioles
• Centrioles are cylinder like structures which are made of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern.
• The pattern is named 9+3 because a ring of nine microtubule "triplets" are arranged at right angles to one another.
Chromosomes and Sex
• Chromosomes are long, stringy aggregates of genes responsible for holding heredity information.
• Chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins and found located within the nucleus of our cells.
• Chromosomes determine everything from hair color and eye color to sex.
• Whether you are a male or female depends on the presence or absence of certain chromosomes.
• Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes thus a total of 46.
• There are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes in humans.
• The sex chromosomes are the X chromosome and the Y chromosome.
Cilia and Flagella
• Cilia and flagella are protrusions from some cells that aid in cellular locomotion. They are formed from specialized groupings of microtubules called basal bodies.
• If the protrusions are short and numerous they are termed cilia. If they are longer and less numerous (usually only one or two) they are termed flagella.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and flattened sacs responsible for different cell functions.
• of functions in the cell.
• There are two regions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) that differ in both structure and function.
• One region is called rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) because it has ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.
• The other region is called smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) because it lacks attached ribosomes.
• Typically, the smooth ER is a tubule network and the rough ER is a series of flattened sacs.
• The space inside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is called the lumen.
Golgi Complex
• The Golgi complex also called Golgi apparatus
• It is responsible for manufacturing, warehousing, and transporting certain cellular products, and mainly those which comes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
• The number of Golgi complex in a cell depends on complexity of the cell.
• Cells which usually secrets out many substances contain more number of Golgi complexes.
• It is responsible for manufacturing, warehousing, and transporting certain cellular products, and mainly those which comes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
• The number of Golgi complex in a cell depends on complexity of the cell.
• Cells which usually secrets out many substances contain more number of Golgi complexes.
Lysosomes
• Lysosomes are membranous pouches of enzymes.
• These enzymes are typically hydrolytic and can digest cellular macromolecules.
• These enzymes are typically hydrolytic and can digest cellular macromolecules.
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are known as power houses of cells.
• These are found in cytoplasm.
• These are responsible to convert energy into such forms which can be used by a cell. Mitochondria are also responsible for cell division, cell growth and cell death.
The Nucleus
• The nucleus is a membrane bound structure which contains the hereditary information of cell.
• Nucleus also controls cell growth and cell reproduction.
• Nucleus is commonly the most important organelle in the cell.
• Nucleus also controls cell growth and cell reproduction.
• Nucleus is commonly the most important organelle in the cell.
Peroxisomes
• Peroxisomes are microbodies. They are bound by a single membrane and contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are organelles which consist of RNA a protein. They are responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell. Depending on the protein production level of a particular cell, ribosomes may number in the millions.
The numbers of chromosomes in different plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms, given as the diploid number (2n) along with scientific names.
Organism
|
Scientific name
|
Diploid number
of chromosomes
|
|
African Wild Dog
|
Lycaon pictus
|
78
|
|
Alfalfa
|
Medicago sativa
|
32
|
|
American Badger
|
Taxidea taxus
|
32
|
|
American Marten
|
Martes americana
|
38
|
|
American Mink
|
Neovison vison
|
30
|
|
Aquatic Rat
|
Anotomys leander
|
92
|
|
Thale Cress
|
Arabidopsis thaliana
|
10
|
|
Barley
|
Hordeum vulgare
|
14
|
|
Bat-eared Fox
|
Otocyon megalotis
|
72
|
|
Bean
|
Phaseolus sp.
|
22
|
|
Beaver (American)
|
Castor canadensis
|
40
|
|
Beaver (Eurasian)
|
Castor fiber
|
48
|
|
Beech Marten
|
Martes foina
|
38
|
|
Bengal Fox
|
Vulpes bengalensis
|
60
|
|
Bittersweet nightshade
|
Solanum dulcamara
|
24
|
|
Black nightshade
|
Solanum nigrum
|
72
|
|
Moonworts
|
Botrychium
|
90
|
|
Nagaho-no-natsu-no-hana-warabi
|
Botrypus strictus
|
88
|
|
Rattlesnake fern
|
Botrypus virginianus
|
184
|
|
Cabbage
|
Brassica oleracea
|
18
|
|
Cannabis
|
Cannabis sativa
|
20
|
|
Carp
|
|
104
|
|
Capuchin Monkey
|
Cebus x
|
54
|
|
Cat
|
Felis catus
|
38
|
|
Chicken
|
Gallus gallus domesticus
|
78
|
|
Chimpanzee
|
Pan troglodytes
|
48
|
|
Chinchilla
|
Chinchilla lanigera
|
64
|
|
Coatimundi
|
|
38
|
|
Cotton
|
Gossypium hirsutum
|
52
|
|
Cow
|
Bos primigenius
|
60
|
|
Coyote
|
Canis latrans
|
78
|
|
Deer Mouse
|
Peromyscus maniculatus
|
48
|
|
Dhole
|
Cuon alpinus
|
78
|
|
Dingo
|
Canis lupus dingo
|
78
|
|
Dog
|
Canis lupus familiaris
|
78
|
|
Dolphin
|
Delphinidae Delphis
|
44
|
|
Donkey
|
Equus africanus asinus
|
62
|
|
Dove
|
|
78
|
|
Fruit fly
|
Drosophila melanogaster
|
8
|
|
Duck-billed Platypus
|
|
52
|
|
Earthworm
|
Lumbricus terrestris
|
36
|
|
Echidna
|
|
63/64
|
|
Elephant
|
|
56
|
|
Elk (Wapiti)
|
Cervus canadensis
|
68
|
|
Eurasian Badger
|
Meles meles
|
44
|
|
European honey bee
|
Apis mellifera
|
32
|
|
European Mink
|
Mustela lutreola
|
38
|
|
European Polecat
|
Mustela putorius
|
40
|
|
Fennec Fox
|
Vulpes zerda
|
64
|
|
Ferret
|
Mustela putorius furo
|
40
|
|
Field Horsetail
|
Equisetum arvense
|
216
|
|
Fisher (animal)
|
|
38
|
|
Fossa
|
Cryptoprocta ferox
|
42
|
|
Giraffe
|
Giraffa camelopardalis
|
62
|
|
Goat
|
|
60
|
|
Golden Jackal
|
Canis aureus
|
78
|
|
Gorilla
|
|
48
|
|
Gray Fox
|
Urocyon cinereoargenteus
|
66
|
|
Gypsy moth
|
|
62
|
|
Hawkweed
|
|
8
|
|
Hare
|
|
48
|
|
Hedgehog Genus Atelerix (African hedgehogs)
|
|
90
|
|
Hedgehog Genus Erinaceus (Woodland hedgehogs)
|
|
88
|
|
Kamraj (fern)
|
Helminthostachys zeylanica
|
94
|
|
Horse
|
Equus ferus caballus
|
64
|
|
Human
|
Homo sapiens
|
46
|
|
Husk Tomato
|
Physalis pubescens
|
24
|
|
Hyena
|
|
40
|
|
Hyrax
|
|
??
|
|
Crab-eating rat (semiaquatic rodent)
|
Ichthyomys pittieri
|
92
|
|
Jack jumper ant
|
Myrmecia pilosula
|
2
|
|
Kangaroo
|
|
16
|
|
Kit Fox
|
|
50
|
|
Lion
|
Panthera leo
|
38
|
|
Long-nosed Cusimanse (a type of mongoose)
|
|
36
|
|
Maize
|
Zea mays
|
20
|
|
Maned Wolf
|
Chrysocyon brachyurus
|
76
|
|
Mango
|
Mangifera indica
|
40
|
|
Meerkat
|
Suricata suricatta
|
36
|
|
Mosquito
|
Aedes aegypti
|
6
|
|
Mouse
|
Mus musculus
|
40
|
|
Mule
|
|
63
|
|
Oats
|
Avena sativa
|
42
|
|
Adders-tongue
|
Ophioglossum reticulatum
|
1200 or 1260
|
|
Orangutan
|
Pongo x
|
48
|
|
Oriental Small-clawed Otter
|
Aonyx cinerea
|
38
|
|
Pea
|
Pisum sativum
|
14
|
|
Pig
|
|
38
|
|
Pigeon
|
|
80
|
|
Pine Marten
|
Martes martes
|
38
|
|
Pineapple
|
Ananas comosus
|
50
|
|
Platypus
|
Ornithorhynchus anatinus
|
52
|
|
Potato
|
Solanum tuberosum
|
48
|
|
Porcupine
|
Erethizon dorsatum
|
34
|
|
Rabbit
|
|
44
|
|
Raccoon
|
Procyon lotor
|
38
|
|
Raccoon Dog
|
Nyctereutes viverrinus
|
42
|
|
Raccoon Dog
|
Nyctereutes procyonoides
|
56
|
|
Radish
|
Raphanus sativus
|
18
|
|
Rat
|
|
42
|
|
Red Deer
|
Cervus elaphus
|
68
|
|
Red Fox
|
Vulpes vulpes
|
34
|
|
Red Panda
|
|
36
|
|
Reeves's Muntjac
|
Muntiacus reevesi
|
46
|
|
Rice
|
Oryza sativa
|
24
|
|
Rhesus Monkey
|
|
42
|
|
Rye
|
Secale cereale
|
14
|
|
Sable
|
Martes zibellina
|
38
|
|
Sable Antelope
|
Hippotragus niger
|
46
|
|
Grape ferns
|
Sceptridum
|
90
|
|
Sea Otter
|
|
38
|
|
Silverleaf nightshade
|
Solanum elaeagnifolium
|
24
|
|
Sheep
|
|
54
|
|
Shrimp
|
Penaeus semisulcatus
|
86-92
|
|
Slime Mold
|
Dictyostelium discoideum
|
12
|
|
Snail
|
|
24
|
|
Spotted Skunk
|
Spilogale x
|
64
|
|
Starfish
|
|
36
|
|
Striped skunk
|
Mephitis mephitis
|
50
|
|
Swamp Wallaby
|
Wallabia bicolor
|
10/11
|
|
Tanuki/Raccoon Dog
|
Nyctereutes procyonoides albus
|
38
|
|
Tiger
|
Panthera tigris
|
38
|
|
Tibetan Sand fox
|
Vulpes ferrilata
|
36
|
|
Tobacco
|
Nicotiana tabacum
|
48
|
|
Turkey
|
|
80
|
|
Virginia Opossum
|
Didelphis virginiana
|
22
|
|
Wheat
|
Triticum aestivum
|
42
|
|
White-tailed deer
|
Odocoileus virginianus
|
70
|
|
Wolf
|
Canis lupus
|
78
|
|
Woolly Mammoth
|
Mammuthus primigenius
|
58
|
|
Wolverine
|
Gulo gulo
|
42
|
|
Yellow Mongoose
|
Cynictis penicillata
|
36
|
|
Yeast
|
Saccharomyces cerivisiae
|
32
|
|
The Nucleic Acids
• The Nucleic Acid is complex organic material found in cells; its building blocks of living organisms.• The Nucleic Acid holds complex genetic information in coded manner.
• These are of two types- 1. DNA and 2. RNA
DNA or Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
• Frederic Meischer isolated DNA from nucleus of pus cell.
• DNA is a macromolecule which holds larger numbers of Nucleotides.
• The Nucleotides contains three components: the nitrogen base, sugar and phosphate group.
• Nitrogen bases are of two types- Purines and Pyrimidines. Purines hold two nitrogen bases, Adinine and Guanine. However, Pyrimidine nitrogen bases Thymine and Cytosine. Thus there found four types of nucleotides present in DNA.
• Watson and Crick give the structural model of DNA
• Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.
RNA or Ribo Nucleic acid (RNA)
• RNA is consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).
• RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and is generally further processed by other enzymes.
• RNA is central to protein synthesis in organisms.
• RNA has three types mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA).
• mRNA (messenger RNA)- carries messages from DNA present in nucleus to cytoplasm in coded manner.
• rRNA (ribosomal RNA)- found in ribosome responsible for synthesis of protein in the body.
• tRNA (transfer RNA)- responsible to transfer amino acid to ribosome.
Difference between DNA and RNA
• RNA consists of ribose sugar while DNA has deoxiribose.
• DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.
• DNA is stable in alkaline conditions while RNA is not.
• DNA performs long term storage and transfer of genetic information while RNA performs the function of a messenger between DNA and the protein system complexes known as ribosomes.
No comments:
Post a Comment
Thanks for visiting this website. Your feedback are important to us. Please note we only approve genuine comments!