Showing posts with label GRE. Show all posts
Showing posts with label GRE. Show all posts

Tuesday, August 10, 2021

GRE or GMAT for business school admission

B-School Success

GRE is widely accepted now for Business School Admissions. Often candidates have doubt if a GMAT Score will offer them better chance than GRE?

In practice the business schools accepting score of both the tests does not discriminate between two tests. The schools Comparison Tool to equate GRE General Test Score with GMAT.

GRE and GMAT scores are largely accepted worldwide for business schools application. Having score in one or both of these tests is helpful in placing your applications. However, some business schools may not be a GRE or GMAT member institution or even if they are a member then too can ask to appear for separate test.

Also some school consider percentile in separate sections of GRE or GMAT, if an applicant do not meet the percentile then business school may ask you to appear for a particular test. 

Admission to Graduate Programmes is multi stage process. Once applications are accepted business schools send detailed guidelines to follow.

If you have a question about a Grad Business Programme or other Masters do feel free to ASK

Thursday, July 15, 2021

GRE General Test

What measures GRE General Test and how?

The GRE General Test measures what you have learnt in college and during previous years of studies. And you would be able to complete graduate school course work.
The GRE General Test features question types that closely reflect the kind of thinking you'll do in graduate or business school.
The GRE General test is available as Computer Based Test / CBT
The test has 3 sections:
Verbal Reasoning — Measures your ability to analyze and evaluate written material and synthesize information obtained from it, analyze relationships among component parts of sentences and recognize relationships among words and concepts.
Quantitative Reasoning — Measures problem-solving ability using basic concepts of arithmetic, algebra, geometry and data analysis.
Analytical Writing — Measures critical thinking and analytical writing skills, specifically your ability to articulate and support complex ideas clearly and effectively.
Let's understand the 3 sections of GRE General Test in detail.
Verbal Reasoning
The Verbal Reasoning section measures your ability to:
analyze and draw conclusions from discourse; reason from incomplete data; identify author's assumptions and/or perspective; understand multiple levels of meaning, such as literal, figurative and author's intent
select important points; distinguish major from minor or relevant points; summarize text; understand the structure of a text
understand the meanings of words, sentences and entire texts; understand relationships among words and among concepts
Get a quick view of the Verbal Reasoning question types.
Quantitative Reasoning
The Quantitative Reasoning section measures your ability to:
understand, interpret and analyze quantitative information
solve problems using mathematical models
apply basic skills and elementary concepts of arithmetic, algebra, geometry and data analysis
The Quantitative Reasoning section includes an on-screen calculator. If you are taking the paper-delivered test, a calculator will be provided at the test center.
Analytical Writing
The Analytical Writing section measures your ability to:
articulate complex ideas clearly and effectively
support ideas with relevant reasons and examples
examine claims and accompanying evidence
sustain a well-focused, coherent discussion
control the elements of standard written English
The Analytical Writing section requires you to provide focused responses based on the tasks presented, so you can accurately demonstrate your skill in directly responding to a task.
Source: www.gre.org

GRE Subject Test

What measures GRE Subject Test and how

The GRE Subject Test measures your knowledge and preparedness in a particular area of study. Graduate schools use subject test score to separate you out from the pool of applicants and to award scholarship and fellowship in a particular study discipline.
The GRE Subject Test is available in following study areas
1. Chemistry
2. Mathematics
3. Physics
4. Psychology
The GRE Subject Test is administered 3 times a year as Paper Based Test / PBT

GRE Subject Test: Chemistry

What is the test pattern for GRE Chemistry

  • No. of Questions: 130
  • Type: Multiple Choice

Syllabus and Question Paper Pattern
 
I. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY — 15%

    Data Acquisition and Use of Statistics — Errors, statistical considerations
    Solutions and Standardization — Concentration terms, primary standards
    Homogeneous Equilibria — Acid-base, oxidation-reduction, complexometry
    Heterogeneous Equilibria — Gravimetric analysis, solubility, precipitation titrations, chemical separations
    Instrumental Methods — Electrochemical methods, spectroscopic methods, chromatographic methods, thermal methods, calibration of instruments
    Environmental Applications
    Radiochemical Methods — Detectors, applications

II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 25%

    General Chemistry — Periodic trends, oxidation states, nuclear chemistry
    Ionic Substances — Lattice geometries, lattice energies, ionic radii and radius/ratio effects
    Covalent Molecular Substances — Lewis diagrams, molecular point groups, VSEPR concept, valence bond description and hybridization, molecular orbital description, bond energies, covalent and van der Waals radii of the elements, intermolecular forces
    Metals and Semiconductors — Structure, band theory, physical and chemical consequences of band theory
    Concepts of Acids and Bases — Brønsted-Lowry approaches, Lewis theory, solvent system approaches
    Chemistry of the Main Group Elements — Electronic structures, occurrences and recovery, physical and chemical properties of the elements and their compounds
    Chemistry of the Transition Elements — Electronic structures, occurrences and recovery, physical and chemical properties of the elements and their compounds, coordination chemistry
    Special Topics — Organometallic chemistry, catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry, applied solid-state chemistry, environmental chemistry

III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 30%

    Structure, Bonding and Nomenclature — Lewis structures, orbital hybridization, configuration and stereochemical notation, conformational analysis, systematic IUPAC nomenclature, spectroscopy (IR and 1H and 13C NMR)
    Functional Groups — Preparation, reactions, and interconversions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, dienes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, epoxides, sulfides, thiols, aromatic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, amines
    Reaction Mechanisms — Nucleophilic displacements and addition, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, electrophilic additions, electrophilic aromatic substitutions, eliminations, Diels-Alder and other cycloadditions
    Reactive Intermediates — Chemistry and nature of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes, enols
    Organometallics — Preparation and reactions of Grignard and organolithium reagents, lithium organocuprates, and other modern main group and transition metal reagents and catalysts
    Special Topics — Resonance, molecular orbital theory, catalysis, acid-base theory, carbon acidity, aromaticity, antiaromaticity, macromolecules, lipids, amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, terpenes, asymmetric synthesis, orbital symmetry, polymers

IV. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY — 30%

    Thermodynamics — First, second, and third laws, thermochemistry, ideal and real gases and solutions, Gibbs and Helmholtz energy, chemical potential, chemical equilibria, phase equilibria, colligative properties, statistical thermodynamics
    Quantum Chemistry and Applications to Spectroscopy — Classical experiments, principles of quantum mechanics, atomic and molecular structure, molecular spectroscopy
    Dynamics — Experimental and theoretical chemical kinetics, solution and liquid dynamics, photochemistry

GRE Subject Test: Mathematics

What is the test pattern for GRE Mathematics
No. of Questions: 66
Syllabus and Test Pattern
CALCULUS — 50%

Material learned in the usual sequence of elementary calculus courses — differential and integral calculus of one and of several variables — including calculus-based applications and connections with coordinate geometry, trigonometry, differential equations and other branches of mathematics.

ALGEBRA — 25%

    Elementary algebra: basic algebraic techniques and manipulations acquired in high school and used throughout mathematics
    Linear algebra: matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, vector spaces, linear transformations, characteristic polynomials, and eigenvalues and eigenvectors
    Abstract algebra and number theory: elementary topics from group theory, theory of rings and modules, field theory, and number theory

ADDITIONAL TOPICS — 25%

    Introductory real analysis: sequences and series of numbers and functions, continuity, differentiability and integrability, and elementary topology of R and R²
    Discrete mathematics: logic, set theory, combinatorics, graph theory, and algorithms
    Other topics: general topology, geometry, complex variables, probability and statistics, and numerical analysis

GRE Subject Test: Physics

What is the test pattern for GRE Physics

  • No. of Questions: 100 Five-Choice Questions
Syllabus and Test Pattern

    CLASSICAL MECHANICS — 20%
    (such as kinematics, Newton's laws, work and energy, oscillatory motion, rotational motion about a fixed axis, dynamics of systems of particles, central forces and celestial mechanics, three-dimensional particle dynamics, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism, noninertial reference frames, elementary topics in fluid dynamics)
    ELECTROMAGNETISM — 18%
    (such as electrostatics, currents and DC circuits, magnetic fields in free space, Lorentz force, induction, Maxwell's equations and their applications, electromagnetic waves, AC circuits, magnetic and electric fields in matter)
    OPTICS AND WAVE PHENOMENA — 9%
    (such as wave properties, superposition, interference, diffraction, geometrical optics, polarization, Doppler effect)
    THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS — 10%
    (such as the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes, equations of state, ideal gases, kinetic theory, ensembles, statistical concepts and calculation of thermodynamic quantities, thermal expansion and heat transfer)
    QUANTUM MECHANICS — 12%
    (such as fundamental concepts, solutions of the Schrödinger equation (including square wells, harmonic oscillators, and hydrogenic atoms), spin, angular momentum, wave function symmetry, elementary perturbation theory)
    ATOMIC PHYSICS — 10%
    (such as properties of electrons, Bohr model, energy quantization, atomic structure, atomic spectra, selection rules, black-body radiation, x-rays, atoms in electric and magnetic fields)
    SPECIAL RELATIVITY — 6%
    (such as introductory concepts, time dilation, length contraction, simultaneity, energy and momentum, four-vectors and Lorentz transformation, velocity addition)
    LABORATORY METHODS — 6%
    (such as data and error analysis, electronics, instrumentation, radiation detection, counting statistics, interaction of charged particles with matter, lasers and optical interferometers, dimensional analysis, fundamental applications of probability and statistics)
    SPECIALIZED TOPICS — 9%
    Nuclear and Particle physics (e.g., nuclear properties, radioactive decay, fission and fusion, reactions, fundamental properties of elementary particles), Condensed Matter (e.g., crystal structure, x-ray diffraction, thermal properties, electron theory of metals, semiconductors, superconductors), Miscellaneous (e.g., astrophysics, mathematical methods, computer applications)

GRE Subject Test: Psychology

What is the test pattern for GRE Psychology

  • No. of Questions: 205 Multiple Choice Questions

Syllabus and Question Paper Pattern


I. BIOLOGICAL (17–21%)

    Sensation and Perception (5–7%)
        Psychophysics, Signal Detection
        Attention
        Perceptual Organization
        Vision
        Audition
        Gustation
        Olfaction
        Somatosenses
        Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses
        Theories, Applications and Issues
    Physiological/Behavioral Neuroscience (12–14%)
        Neurons
        Sensory Structures and Processes
        Motor Structures and Functions
        Central Structures and Processes
        Motivation, Arousal, Emotion
        Cognitive Neuroscience
        Neuromodulators and Drugs
        Hormonal Factors
        Comparative and Ethology
        States of Consciousness
        Theories, Applications and Issues

II. COGNITIVE (17–24%)

    Learning (3–5%)
        Classical Conditioning
        Instrumental Conditioning
        Observational Learning, Modeling
        Theories, Applications and Issues
    Language (3–4%)
        Units (phonemes, morphemes, phrases)
        Syntax
        Meaning
        Speech Perception and Processing
        Reading Processes
        Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
        Bilingualism
        Theories, Applications and Issues
    Memory (7–9%)
        Working Memory
        Long-term Memory
        Types of Memory
        Memory Systems and Processes
        Theories, Applications and Issues
    Thinking (4–6%)
        Representation (Categorization, Imagery, Schemas, Scripts)
        Problem Solving
        Judgment and Decision-Making Processes
        Planning, Metacognition
        Intelligence
        Theories, Applications and Issues

III. SOCIAL (12–14%)

    Social Perception, Cognition, Attribution, Beliefs
    Attitudes and Behavior
    Social Comparison, Self
    Emotion, Affect, and Motivation
    Conformity, Influence, and Persuasion
    Interpersonal Attraction and Close Relationships
    Group and Intergroup Processes
    Cultural or Gender Influences
    Evolutionary Psychology, Altruism, and Aggression
    Theories, Applications and Issues

IV. DEVELOPMENTAL (12–14%)

    Nature-Nurture
    Physical and Motor
    Perception and Cognition
    Language
    Learning, Intelligence
    Social, Personality
    Emotion
    Socialization, Family and Cultural
    Theories, Applications and Issues

V. CLINICAL (15–19%)

    Personality (3–5%)
        Theories
        Structure
        Personality and Behavior
        Applications and Issues
    Clinical and Abnormal (12–14%)
        Stress, Conflict, Coping
        Diagnostic Systems
        Assessment
        Causes and Development of Disorders
        Neurophysiological Factors
        Treatment of Disorders
        Epidemiology
        Prevention
        Health Psychology
        Cultural or Gender Issues
        Theories, Applications and Issues

VII. MEASUREMENT/METHODOLOGY/ OTHER (15–19%)

        General (4–6%)
            History
            Industrial-Organizational
            Educational
        Measurement and Methodology (11–13%)
            Psychometrics, Test Construction, Reliability, Validity
            Research Designs
            Statistical Procedures
            Scientific Method and the Evaluation of Evidence
            Ethics and Legal Issues
            Analysis and Interpretation of Findings

How much GRE General Test Cost

Are you planning to appear for GRE General Test? Are you thinking how much test and preparation will cost you? Then here is the information for you.

Standard Test Administration (GRE General Test)
China: $231.30
India: $213.00
All other areas of the world: $205.00

Special Handling Requests

Rescheduling fee — China: $53.90
Rescheduling fee — All other areas of the world: $50.00
Changing your test center: $50.00

Source: ETS.Org

Wednesday, July 14, 2021

How to take the GRE Webinar Free

GRE is for everyone, you, me, would be graduate school aspirants, entrepreneurs and MBAs. Its a highly competitive examination. To be a successful GRE test taker its required to interact with those who have real time GRE experience. The GRE Webinars presents you opportunities to take part in online chat and interact with GRE experts. Here are Dates for Webinars. To register you need to write email as given corresponding to each date. Webinars are offered in Multiple languages. To book you time slot follow the official ETS link https://www.ets.org/gre/revised_general/about/tools/webinars?WT.ac=GRE_urloverwrite_webinars_200212

Tuesday, July 13, 2021

Take GRE at Home

The Educational Testing Service (ETS) facilitates test takers to write GRE at home. Register for Home GRE

GRE is a big test and it cost money too. A high GRE score will get you placed with top Grad Schools, Business Programems and Employers. When planning to write GRE at home you may have some fears, some questions and need answers. 

One common problem may arrise when when taking Home GRE is internet connection loss. No need to panic. Even if you loss internet connection during the test the GRE Proctor will help you, if Proctor can restore restore test then will do so. If not then too you don't need to loss your mind, You can call ProctorU at 1-855-772-8678 for assistance.

Monday, July 12, 2021

How GRE General Test Scored

The GRE General Test evaluate and prepare score report on following patterns
  • Verbal Reasoning score reported on a 130–170 score scale, in 1-point increments
  • Quantitative Reasoning score reported on a 130–170 score scale, in 1-point increments
  • Analytical Writing score reported on a 0–6 score scale, in half-point increments. 
  • Any section in which you answer no questions at all will be reported as a No Score (NS)
Source: www.gre.org

How GRE search service helps

The Graduate and Business Schools as well as fellowship sponsors those accepts GRE Score search for candidates those meet the eligibility criteria. When you register for GRE, there is option to register for GRE search service. Moreover, you are free to register or not or register at a later date anytime.

When you register for GRE search service, recruiters are able to see your profile, undergraduate grade point averages (UGPA) and educational objective. However, information on individual GRE test score is not provided under this service. If you match the profile recruiters contact you. If you want to deregister from GRE search service, you can do so any time by contacting GRE services.

Source: www.gre.org

Sunday, July 11, 2021

GRE Policies 1 July 2021 to 30 June 2022

The GRE test administrator ETS.org has published GRE Policies for dates between 1 July 2021 to 30 June 2022. 

If you appearing during the above dates for GRE General or Subject Test or may be both the tests 

Download GRE Official Policies Document valid from 1 July 2021 to 30 June 2022 

Download Additional GRE Policies for Candidates with special needs 1 July 2021 to 30 June 2022

Both these documents contains complete information about GRE Policies for the dates mentioned.

Source: www.ets.org

How to register for GRE General test

The Educational Testing Services (ETS) is administering authority for GRE and GRE Subject Test.
Create your profile on ETS website and then register for GRE. Create a test taker account

Important Points to consider before you create ETS account to take GRE
  • GRE test fees.
  • Reschedule GRE Test Dates and cancellation policies.
  • ID requirements to take the GRE Test. You are responsible for bringing valid and acceptable ID when you report to a test center, and it must match the first and last name you used when creating your account and registering for your test.
  • Decide on GRE test date.
  • The test is offered year round on a first-come, first-served basis. View seat availability for your preferred date and location.
  • Be sure to allow sufficient time for score reporting when scheduling your test so you can meet the admissions deadlines for the schools to which you are applying.
  • Determine which graduate institutions or fellowship sponsors you want to receive your scores. As part of your test fee, you can designate up to four score recipients.
  • If you prefer to send score reports later or want to send score reports to more than four recipients, you can send additional score reports for a fee.

How can I use GRE Score Select Option

GRE Scores are reported after 10-15 days of test administration. On test date, you can chose to show Recent GRE Score to recruiters Or all. Later test date, you can chose to show recent / all or any GRE Score to recruiters. The scores will be sent to selected institutions. If you want to send GRE Score to more than FOUR institutions a fee is chargeable.

GRE Scores are valid for a period of 5 years. Candidates can write GRE General 5 times in a year but there must be a gap of 21 days between two GRE tests.

Although this is my personal opinion but  I feel everyone should GRE even if need it for sending application to a Grad School or not. You can write GRE for self assessment too.

Source: www.gre.org

Graduate and Business Schools accepting GRE Score

GRE measures your academic aptitude and skills. Graduate and Business Schools looks for specific skills in a candidate. A graduate school may look for better VA Score another look for Quant Score, some other may look for overall score. What skills and aptitude and skills a graduate school in a candidate depend on program.

GRE is accepted worldwide across thousands of graduate and business schools. Here is List of Graduate and Business Schools accepting GRE Score

Source: Gre.org

How to prepare for GRE

GRE is a test for everyone and anyone. The test is taken by college graduates to pursue graduate courses and apply for scholarships/fellowships. Like any other exam, GRE also require preparation. In practice GRE measures what you have learnt in college and whether you would be able to complete coursework offered from graduate schools. To help you in preparation the test administrators offers study resources. Here are links

Prepare with official test prep — including
The Official Guide to the GRE General Test, Third Edition and
ScoreItNow! Online Writing Practice
The study material is designed to help you do your best!

The great thing about GRE is its score servers to many purposes. You can apply variety of Graduate Programs in varied streams including Graduate Business Diplomas, Business Masters, Graduate Law programmes and whole range of other courses.

GRE is accepted worldwide. Test score is highly helpful specially if you are looking to study abroad. In addition many employers also look for GRE Score even if they actually don't need such a score but GRE Score indicates your level of competencies.


More resources to prepare GRE


Thursday, July 8, 2021

Graduate Schools where GRE not required

A fan asked, I want to study graduated course in a US school? Is it necessary to GRE or how can go for one such course without GRE Score?'

Wonderful question and perhaps this is the problem of many leaving undergraduate college and willing to pursue graduate coursework. GRE Score is a mandatory requirement for Graduate Admission across United States and Canada. Also the GRE Score is accepted worldwide for graduate school admission including MBA and Law. Taking GRE is right decision but if you do not GRE Score then too you can apply for many schools across worlds as well as in United States and Canada. I dig deeper, internet database and found few institutes in US where Schools do not ask for GRE Score. Here is the list of

GRAD PPROGRAMS NOT ASKING GRE

MIT
Electrical Engineering and computer science.

Washington State University: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of Dayton: Engineering

Stevens Institute of Technology: Engineering

George Mason University: Applied Information Technology (MS)
Civil & Infrastructure Engineering (MS)
Computer Forensics (MS)

University of Washington: Civil Engineering (MS)

University of MarylandEngineering: Professional Master of Engineering (ENPM)

Iowa State University: Chemical and Biological Engineering (ME)
Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering (ME)
Systems Engineering (ME)

University of Minnesota: Civil Engineering (MS)

Brown University: Biomedical Engineering

South Dakota State University: Mechanical Engineering (MS)
Computer Science (MS)

North Carolina State University: Landscape Architecture

Tufts University

Engineering Management

Brandeis University
Computer Science (MA/MS)

Portland State University: Mechanical and Materials Engineering

New Mexico State University
Economics, Applied Statistics and International Business

University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Geographic Information Systems (MS)
Applied Sociology

University of Arizona
Economic Geology

University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Industrial and Management Systems Engineering

University of Pittsburgh
Material Science & Engg.

University of Michigan: InterPro-Integrated Microsystems 

Wednesday, April 25, 2018

GRE Subject Test: Literature in English

What is test pattern for GRE English Literature
No. of Questions: 230
Syllabus and Question Paper Pattern
The approximate distribution of questions according to content categories is indicated by the following outline.

    Literary Analysis (40–55%)
    Interpretation of passages of prose and poetry. Such questions may involve recognition of conventions and genres, allusions and references, meaning and tone, grammatical structures and rhetorical strategies, and literary techniques.
    Identification (15–20%)
    Recognition of date, author or work by style and/or content (for literary theory identifications see IV below).
    Cultural and Historical Contexts (20–25%)
    Knowledge of literary, cultural and intellectual history as well as identification of author or work through a critical statement or biographical information. Also identification of details of character, plot or setting of a work.
    History and Theory of Literary Criticism (10–15%)
    Identification and analysis of the characteristics and methods of various critical and theoretical approaches.

The literary-historical scope of the test follows the distribution below.

1. Continental, Classical and Comparative Literature through 1925: 5–10%
2. British Literature to 1660 (including Milton): 25–30%
3. British Literature 1660–1925: 25–35%
4. American Literature through 1925: 15–25%
5. American, British and World Literatures after 1925: 20–30%



GRE Subject Test: Biology

What is the test pattern for GRE Biology

No. of Questions 190
Each question contains 5 choices

Syllabus & Question Paper Pattern

I. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (33–34%)

Fundamentals of cellular biology, genetics and molecular biology are addressed. Major topics in cellular structure and function include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, metabolic pathways and their regulation, membrane dynamics and cell surfaces, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle. Major areas in genetics and molecular biology include viruses, chromatin and chromosomal structure, genomic organization and maintenance, and the regulation of gene expression. The cellular basis of immunity and the mechanisms of antigen-antibody interactions are included. Attention is also given to experimental methodology.

    Cellular Structure and Function (16–17%)
        Biological compounds
            Macromolecular structure and bonding
            Abiotic origin of biological molecules
        Enzyme activity, receptor binding, and regulation
        Major metabolic pathways and regulation
            Respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis
            Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules
            Hormonal control and intracellular messengers
        Membrane dynamics and cell surfaces
            Transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
            Electrical potentials and transmitter substances
            Mechanisms of cell recognition, intercellular transport and communication
            Cell wall and extracellular matrix
        Organelles: structure, function, synthesis, and targeting
            Nucleus, mitochondria, and plastids
            Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
            Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles
            Lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles
        Cytoskeleton: motility and shape
            Actin-based systems
            Microtubule-based systems
            Intermediate filaments
            Bacterial flagella and movement
        Cell cycle: growth, division, and regulation (including signal transduction)
        Methods
            Microscopy (e.g., electron, light, fluorescence)
            Separation (e.g., centrifugation, gel filtration, PAGE, fluorescence-activated cell sorting [FACS])
            Immunological (e.g., Western Blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence)
    Genetics and Molecular Biology (16–17%)
        Genetic foundations
            Mendelian inheritance
            Pedigree analysis
            Prokaryotic genetics (transformation, transduction and conjugation)
            Genetic mapping
        Chromatin and chromosomes
            Nucleosomes
            Karyotypes
            Chromosomal aberrations
            Polytene chromosomes
        Genome sequence organization
            Introns and exons
            Single-copy and repetitive DNA
            Transposable elements
        Genome maintenance
            DNA replication
            DNA mutation and repair
        Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: mechanisms
            The operon
            Promoters and enhancers
            Transcription factors
            RNA and protein synthesis
            Processing and modifications of both RNA and protein
        Gene expression and regulation: effects
            Control of normal development
            Cancer and oncogenes
            Whole genome expression (e.g., microarrays)
            Regulation of gene expression by RNAi (e.g., siRNA)
            Epigenetics
        Immunobiology
            Cellular basis of immunity
            Antibody diversity and synthesis
            Antigen-antibody interactions
        Bacteriophages, animal viruses, and plant viruses
            Viral genomes, replication, and assembly
            Virus-host cell interactions
        Recombinant DNA methodology
            Restriction endonucleases
            Blotting and hybridization
            Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
            DNA cloning, sequencing, and analysis
            Polymerase chain reaction

II. ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY (33–34%)

The structure, physiology, behavior and development of organisms are addressed. Topics covered include nutrient procurement and processing, gas exchange, internal transport, regulation of fluids, control mechanisms and effectors, and reproduction in autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Examples of developmental phenomena range from fertilization through differentiation and morphogenesis. Responses to environmental stimuli are examined as they pertain to organisms. Major distinguishing characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of organisms are also covered.

    Animal Structure, Function and Organization (10%)
        Exchange with environment
            Nutrient, salt, and water exchange
            Gas exchange
            Energy
        Internal transport and exchange
            Circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems
        Support and movement
            Support systems (external, internal, and hydrostatic)
            Movement systems (flagellar, ciliary, and muscular)
        Integration and control mechanisms
            Nervous and endocrine systems
        Behavior (communication, orientation, learning, and instinct)
        Metabolic rates (temperature, body size, and activity)
    Animal Reproduction and Development (6%)
        Reproductive structures
        Meiosis, gametogenesis, and fertilization
        Early development (e.g., polarity, cleavage, and gastrulation)
        Developmental processes (e.g., induction, determination, differentiation, morphogenesis, and metamorphosis)
        External control mechanisms (e.g., photoperiod)
    Plant Structure, Function, and Organization, with Emphasis on Flowering Plants (7%)
        Organs, tissue systems, and tissues
        Water transport, including absorption and transpiration
        Phloem transport and storage
        Mineral nutrition
        Plant energetics (e.g., respiration and photosynthesis)
    Plant Reproduction, Growth, and Development, with Emphasis on Flowering Plants (5%)
        Reproductive structures
        Meiosis and sporogenesis
        Gametogenesis and fertilization
        Embryogeny and seed development
        Meristems, growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation
        Control mechanisms (e.g., hormones, photoperiod, and tropisms)
    Diversity of Life (6%)
        Archaea
            Morphology, physiology, and identification
        Bacteria
            Morphology, physiology, pathology, and identification
        Protista
            Protozoa, other heterotrophic Protista (slime molds and Oomycota), and autotrophic Protista
            Major distinguishing characteristics
            Phylogenetic relationships
            Importance (e.g., eutrophication, disease)
        Fungi
            Distinctive features of major phyla (vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction)
            Generalized life cycles
            Importance (e.g., decomposition, biodegradation, antibiotics, and pathogenicity)
            Lichens
        Animalia with emphasis on major phyla
            Major distinguishing characteristics
            Phylogenetic relationships
        Plantae with emphasis on major phyla
            Alternation of generations
            Major distinguishing characteristics
            Phylogenetic relationships

III. ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (33–34%)

The interactions of organisms and their environment, emphasizing biological principles at levels above the individual are addressed. Ecological topics range from physiological adaptations to the functioning of ecosystems. Although principles are emphasized, some questions may consider applications to current environmental problems. Topics in evolution range from genetic foundations through evolutionary processes and to their consequences. Evolution is considered at the molecular, individual, population and higher levels. Some quantitative skills, including the interpretation of simple mathematical models, may be required.

    Ecology (16–17%)
        Environment/organism interaction
            Biogeographic patterns
            Physiological ecology
            Temporal patterns (e.g., seasonal fluctuations)
        Behavioral ecology
            Habitat selection
            Mating systems
            Social systems
            Resource acquisition
        Population ecology
            Population dynamics/regulation
            Demography and life history strategies
        Community ecology
            Direct and indirect interspecific interactions
            Community structure and diversity
            Change and succession
        Ecosystems
            Productivity and energy flow
            Chemical cycling
    Evolution (16–17%)
        Genetic variability
            Origins (mutations, linkage, recombination, and chromosomal alterations)
            Levels (e.g., polymorphism and heritability)
            Spatial patterns (e.g., clines and ecotypes)
            Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
        Macroevolutionary and microevolutionary processes
            Gene flow and genetic drift
            Natural selection and its dynamics
            Levels of selection (e.g., individual and group)
            Trade-offs and genetic correlations
            Natural selection and genome evolution
            Synonymous vs. nonsynonymous nucleotide ratios
        Evolutionary consequences
            Fitness and adaptation
            Speciation
            Systematics and phylogeny
            Convergence, divergence, and extinction
            Coevolution
        History of life
            Origin of life
            Fossil record
            Paleontology and paleoecology
            Lateral transfer of genetic sequences

Source: www.gre.org

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